The metaphor of virtual learning communities can be used to inform the design of distributed Communities of Practice in Higher Education learning environments. In this chapter, constituent elements drawn from a model of virtual learning communities are presented. These elements are elaborated to provide advice to instructors, instructional designers, researchers and community architects, including how to enhance trust, a sense of history, identity, mutuality, plurality, autonomy, participation, trajectory, technology, learning, reflection, intensity, social engagement and communication. The chapter concludes with a discussion of fundamental elements of virtual learning communities that have direct relevance to the design of distributed Communities of Practice in Higher Education.